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Over the past several years,disarmamentefforts have largely stagnated. Every nuclear-armed country is currently in the midst of modernizing their nuclear arsenals. Many states are also reinvigorating or even expanding the role of nuclear weapons specifically tactical nuclear weapons in their military doctrines, meaning that nuclear-armed states are increasingly posturing themselves for nuclear warfighting, this could lower the threshold for nuclear use, and will therefore be a serious nuclear risk factor going forward.